Medical Marijuana and Cancer: How Cannabis Can Help Patients

• Symptom Relief: Medical marijuana can help alleviate cancer-related symptoms like pain, nausea, and appetite loss, complementing traditional treatments.
• Cannabinoid Benefits: THC and CBD are key cannabinoids that offer pain relief, reduce inflammation, and manage anxiety without the psychoactive effects.
• Consumption Methods: Marijuana can be consumed through smoking, edibles, tinctures, or topicals, each with different onset times and durations of effects.
• Potential Anti-Cancer Effects: Research suggests cannabinoids may slow cancer cell growth in some cases, but responses vary by cancer type.
• Medical Guidance: Always use medical marijuana under healthcare supervision, considering legal requirements like obtaining a medical marijuana card.

Cancer is a complex disease that often requires a multifaceted treatment approach. While traditional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are essential, there’s increasing interest in the role of medical marijuana as a complementary therapy.

This article explores the potential benefits, risks, and considerations surrounding the use of marijuana in cancer care, supported by research and expert opinions.

Types of Marijuana Compounds

Medical marijuana, derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, contains several active compounds known as cannabinoids. The most extensively studied cannabinoids include Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), both of which have shown promise in alleviating various cancer-related symptoms.

• THC (Delta-9-THC): THC is the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, responsible for the “high” experienced by users. However, THC also offers therapeutic benefits such as pain relief, nausea reduction, and appetite stimulation, making it particularly valuable for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation.
• CBD (Cannabidiol): CBD is another major cannabinoid that does not produce a high. It is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and potential anti-seizure properties. For cancer patients, CBD offers relief from anxiety, inflammation, and may enhance the effectiveness of other treatments without the psychoactive effects of THC.
• Other Cannabinoids: Marijuana also contains other cannabinoids like Cannabigerol (CBG) and Cannabinol (CBN), which are being explored for their therapeutic potential. While research is still in its early stages, these cannabinoids may contribute to the overall benefits of medical marijuana in cancer care.

Methods of Consumption

The method of consumption significantly influences the onset, duration, and intensity of marijuana’s effects. Cancer patients have several options depending on their symptoms and personal preferences.

Smoking or Vaporizing (Inhaled Marijuana)

Smoking or vaporizing marijuana is one of the quickest ways to experience relief from cancer-related symptoms. The effects typically begin within minutes and can last from 30 minutes to 4 hours. This method is particularly beneficial for managing acute symptoms like nausea and pain.

However, smoking can introduce harmful substances into the lungs, similar to those found in tobacco smoke, which is a significant concern for patients with lung or thoracic cancers. Vaporizing, which heats the cannabis without burning it, may reduce some of these risks but still requires caution.

Pills, Edibles, or Tinctures

Edibles, pills, and tinctures offer a slower onset of effects compared to smoking or vaporizing, typically taking 1 to 6 hours to take effect. However, the effects are longer-lasting, which can be beneficial for managing chronic symptoms.

One challenge with these methods is dosing, as the bioavailability of THC in edibles can be variable and lower than that in inhaled forms.

Topical Applications

Topical applications, such as lotions, creams, and ointments, are applied directly to the skin to target localized pain. While the bioavailability and effectiveness of these methods are not well understood, they can provide relief for specific areas of discomfort without the psychoactive effects of other consumption methods.

How Marijuana Can Affect Symptoms of Cancer

Pain Relief

Chronic pain is a common issue for cancer patients, often resulting from the tumor itself, chemotherapy, or surgery. Medical marijuana has shown promise in providing pain relief, particularly when combined with opioids.

For example, vaporized cannabis has been found to enhance pain relief in patients using morphine, although its effectiveness varies depending on the specific opioid used.

Neuropathy (Nerve Damage)

Neuropathy, or nerve damage, is another common side effect of cancer treatment, particularly chemotherapy. Patients may experience burning, tingling, or sharp pain, as well as weakness and loss of sensation. Medical marijuana has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation, which may help alleviate neuropathy.

Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are frequent side effects of chemotherapy. Medical marijuana, particularly THC, has been effective in reducing these symptoms by modulating the release of neurotransmitters like serotonin and substance P, which are involved in the vomiting reflex.

Cachexia (Wasting Syndrome)

Cachexia, characterized by extreme weight loss and muscle atrophy, is a severe condition that affects patients in the advanced stages of cancer. THC has been shown to stimulate appetite and improve food intake in patients suffering from cachexia, thereby enhancing their quality of life.

Cannabinoids’ Potential to Slow Cancer Growth

Emerging research suggests that cannabinoids may possess anti-neoplastic properties, meaning they could slow or even stop the growth of cancerous tumors. Studies have shown that activating the endocannabinoid system can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, reduce tumor cell invasion, and prevent the metastasis (spread) of cancer cells.

However, it is important to note that not all cancers respond positively to cannabinoids. For instance, in HER2-positive breast cancer and certain types of ovarian cancer, cannabinoids like CBD may actually promote tumor growth, underscoring the need for personalized treatment plans and thorough consultation with an oncologist.

Cannabinoid Drugs Used in Cancer Treatment

Dronabinol (Marinol®/Syndros®)

Dronabinol is a synthetic form of THC approved by the FDA for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as for stimulating appetite in patients with HIV/AIDS. It is sometimes used off-label for pain management in cancer patients, though its effectiveness can vary.

Nabiximols (Sativex®)

Nabiximols, a mouth spray containing a 1:1 ratio of THC to CBD, is used in Canada and parts of Europe to treat cancer pain and muscle spasms related to multiple sclerosis. While it is not yet approved in the U.S., ongoing clinical trials are investigating its potential benefits for cancer patients.

Things to Consider Before Using Medical Marijuana for Cancer

What to Expect

Patients considering medical marijuana should have realistic expectations. While marijuana can help manage symptoms like pain, nausea, and anxiety, it is not a cure for cancer. Regular monitoring for side effects and adjusting usage as necessary, under the guidance of a healthcare provider, is crucial.

Dosage

Dosing can be challenging, particularly for new users. It is recommended to start with a low dose and increase gradually until the desired effects are achieved. The method of consumption (edibles, inhalation, etc.) will also influence the appropriate dosage.

What You Need to Ask Before Starting Cannabis Treatment

Before including marijuana in your cancer treatment, you should discuss the following questions with your healthcare provider:

• How might marijuana interact with my current medications?
• What is the best method of consumption for my specific condition?
• How should I start dosing, and what should I monitor for in terms of side effects?

Can You Get a Medical Marijuana Card If You Have Cancer?

In Ohio, cancer and its associated symptoms are recognized as qualifying conditions for obtaining a medical marijuana card. For many cancer patients, medical marijuana can offer relief from debilitating symptoms like chronic pain, nausea, and loss of appetite—significantly improving the quality of life during treatment.

To get a medical marijuana card in Ohio, you’ll need to follow these steps:

1. Consult with a Certified Physician: The first step is to consult with a healthcare provider who is certified by the state of Ohio to recommend medical marijuana. They will evaluate your condition and determine whether medical marijuana is a suitable option for managing your cancer symptoms.
2. Document Your Diagnosis: Be prepared to provide your medical records or documentation that confirm your cancer diagnosis and the related symptoms. This information helps your physician determine if you meet the criteria for a medical marijuana card in Ohio.
3. State-Specific Guidelines: Ohio has specific guidelines regarding the forms of medical marijuana available, the conditions that qualify, and the legal protections provided to cardholders. It’s essential to understand these regulations to ensure compliance and make informed decisions about your treatment.
4. Annual Renewal: In Ohio, medical marijuana cards must be renewed annually. This involves a follow-up consultation with your certified physician and re-applying through the OMMCP.

For a detailed guide on how to obtain your medical marijuana card in Ohio, including step-by-step instructions and renewal tips, check out our comprehensive blog on obtaining a medical card in Ohio and our article on the renewal process.”

Having a cannabis card allows you to legally purchase marijuana products from licensed dispensaries across the state. These products come in various forms, such as flower, edibles, tinctures, and topicals, enabling you to choose the method that best addresses your specific cancer symptoms.

It’s crucial to work closely with your healthcare provider throughout this process to ensure that medical marijuana is used safely and effectively as part of your overall cancer care plan.

Additional Considerations For Patients

Patients should also consider the legal implications of marijuana use, especially in states or countries where it is not fully legalized. Ensuring the quality and source of the marijuana is another important factor, as contaminated or low-quality products can pose additional health risks.

Conclusion

Medical marijuana offers a promising complementary treatment option for cancer patients, particularly for managing symptoms like pain, nausea, and anxiety. However, it’s essential for patients to use marijuana under the guidance of thier healthcare provider, considering both the potential benefits and risks.

As research continues to evolve, marijuana may become an even more integral part of cancer care. For now, it remains a valuable tool in the holistic management of cancer symptoms.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment, including medical marijuana, to ensure it is appropriate for your specific medical condition.

References:

1. Johnson, J. R., et al. (2010). A comprehensive clinical trial examining the effectiveness and safety of THC extracts for patients with severe cancer-related pain. Published in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 39(2), 167–179. Source: PubMed.
2. Wilsey, B., et al. (2013). A study on the impact of low-dose vaporized cannabis on neuropathic pain, highlighting its potential benefits. Featured in The Journal of Pain, 14(2), 136–148. Accessible at: PubMed.
3. American Cancer Society. (2020). An overview of the relationship between marijuana use and cancer treatment, with insights on its effects and potential benefits. Source: Cancer.org.
4. Velasco, G., Sánchez, C., & Guzmán, M. (2016). An analysis of how cannabinoids may influence cancer cell behavior, as discussed in Current Oncology, 23(2), S23–S32. Full article available at: NCBI.